METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS INTO THE ORGANISM
Abstract
The methods of drug administration refer to the various routes by which medications are delivered into the body to achieve a therapeutic effect. These methods are broadly classified into enteral, parenteral, and other specialized routes. Enteral methods involve the gastrointestinal tract, such as oral and rectal administration. Parenteral methods bypass the digestive system and include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections. Other routes include topical, transdermal, inhalation, intranasal, ophthalmic, otic, and vaginal administration. The choice of route depends on factors like drug properties, desired speed of action, patient condition, and site of action. Each method has its advantages, limitations, and specific applications in clinical practice.
References
1. Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B., & Trevor, A. J. (2018). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. A widely used pharmacology textbook covering drug administration methods and pharmacokinetics.
2. Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., Flower, R. J., & Henderson, G. (2015). Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. Explains drug absorption, distribution, and routes of administration.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Guidelines for Drug Administration. Retrieved from https://www.who.int Offers global standards on safe drug administration practices.
