MODERN LABORATORY AND INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BLOOD-BORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Abstract
Blood-borne infectious diseases (BBIDs) such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, and malaria remain a significant global health concern. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, prevention of transmission, and epidemiological control. This article reviews contemporary laboratory and instrumental methods for detecting blood-borne pathogens, highlighting advances in molecular diagnostics, immunoassays, and imaging techniques.
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